CO2 fractional laser works by delivering focused beams of laser energy into the skin, targeting both the epidermis (the outer layer) and the dermis (the deeper layer). The technology behind this laser treatment combines traditional CO2 laser resurfacing with fractional technology, which allows for precise treatment with reduced downtime and risks. Here’s how it works:
1. Mechanism of Action
Laser Energy Delivery: The CO2 laser emits light at a wavelength of 10,600 nanometers, which is strongly absorbed by water in the skin. Since the skin is composed largely of water, this energy is absorbed and converted into heat.
Fractional Technology: Unlike traditional CO2 lasers that would ablate the entire surface of the skin, fractional CO2 lasers deliver laser energy in a pattern of tiny, microscopic columns. These are called microthermal treatment zones (MTZs). In between these treated areas are sections of untreated skin, which helps to speed up the healing process.
2. Skin Ablation and Coagulation
Ablation: The laser energy vaporizes the water in the skin, leading to the controlled removal (ablation) of the top layers of damaged skin. This creates small wounds that trigger the skin’s natural healing process.
Coagulation: The heat generated by the laser also causes coagulation in the deeper layers of the skin. This controlled thermal injury stimulates the production of new collagen and elastin, essential proteins that give the skin its structure and elasticity.
3. Healing and Skin Renewal
Skin Regeneration: As the skin heals, new, healthy skin cells are generated, replacing the old, damaged cells that were removed. The production of new collagen improves skin texture, reduces wrinkles, and tightens the skin.
Healing Process: The untreated areas surrounding the MTZs accelerate the healing process by serving as reservoirs of healthy cells that aid in rapid recovery. This fractional approach minimizes downtime compared to non-fractional CO2 lasers, which would require longer recovery.
4. Customization
Adjustable Settings: The depth of penetration, density of the laser beams, and the amount of energy delivered can be adjusted depending on the skin type and the specific skin issues being treated. This customization allows the treatment to be tailored to the patient’s needs, whether targeting fine lines, deep wrinkles, scars, or pigmentation issues.
5. Effects and Results
Immediate and Long-Term Results: Immediately after treatment, the skin appears red and may have a sunburn-like appearance. As it heals, the skin becomes smoother, more even-toned, and firmer. Collagen production continues over several months, leading to gradual improvements in skin texture and tightness.
Reduction in Wrinkles and Scars: CO2 fractional laser is particularly effective in reducing the appearance of deep wrinkles, acne scars, surgical scars, and other skin irregularities.
Pigmentation Improvement: The laser can also target hyperpigmented areas, promoting a more even skin tone.
6. Post-Treatment Care
Healing Phase: After treatment, the skin needs time to heal, during which patients may experience redness, swelling, and peeling. Proper post-treatment care, including sun protection and the use of gentle skincare products, is crucial to achieve the best results and avoid complications such as hyperpigmentation or scarring.
Summary
The CO2 fractional laser works by creating controlled micro-damage to the skin through ablation and coagulation, promoting skin renewal and collagen production. This results in significant improvements in skin texture, tone, and elasticity with a balance between efficacy and recovery time.